Animal Testing Is Morally The Right Thing - 2068 Words

Today, Millions of animals across the globe are being used in labs as a way to experiment and test things such as cosmetics and drugs while also being used for biology lessons, medical training and sometimes just curiosity-driven experimentations. Many would say these test are infringing on the â€Å"animal s right†.we will look at immanuel kant with his theory of the categorical imperative and other philosophers such as aristotle and will demonstrate how they have had a large impact on how we see these animals rights today and how they play a role in whether or not animal testing is morally the right thing to do.experimentations on animals has been done throughout almost all of in history and in some way or another contributed to most nearly every medical breakthrough. however , where do we draw the line between testing to further progress knowledge and scientific studies and infringing on the animals rights? In addition how far are we willing to go with â€Å"animal righ ts†? In order to truly get get a better understanding to answer these questions, i m going to dive deeper into both the pros and cons of the use of animals in scientific experiments and see if there are any proven alternatives that could be used to better science and the rights of all animals. Animal rights is the belief that all sentient beings (such as dogs, pigs, and birds) have moral rights to their own life and should not be used strictly for our own benefits no matter how â€Å"cute† or â€Å"tasty† they mightShow MoreRelatedShould Animals Be Used For Product Or Medical Research?767 Words   |  4 PagesIsn’t that a horrible thing? That’s what animals go through almost everyday. Animal medical research and animal testing has been going on for years and years and needs to be stopped immediately. They have lives just like us and are being treated like their nothing. Animals should not be used for product or medical research. To begin with, the behaviors of animals has become violent because of animal research. A 2013 poll showed that two thirds of respondents oppose testing cosmetics and other consumerRead MoreThe Ethics Of Animal Research Essay1588 Words   |  7 PagesPHILOSOPHY 106 - Is the use of Animals in Biomedical Research Morally Justified? Animals have been treated immorally since the beginning of time, this is shown by hunting, farming, trapping, testing of products and biomedical research etc. As humans, majority of us claim animals as our resources as we use them for eating, making clothing, (leather and fur jackets, shoes) working animals, as a means of transport, animal testing etc. In this essay I will discuss the use of animals in biomedical researchRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Illegal1189 Words   |  5 Pagesmillion animals worldwide are used in laboratory experiments each year† (About Animal Testing). Animal testing has been used since the BC years, and it is used to understand and compare how things might affect the human body. In 1937, a pharmaceutical company released a drug that was poisonous to humans unknowingly. It ended up poisoning many people, and resulted in several deaths. After this incident, experiments on animals became more important in the medical world (Hajar, Rachel). Animal testingRead MoreAnimal Rights and Ethics Essay1746 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Animal Rights and Ethics† Gary Grey Introduction to Ethics and Social Responsibility Stacey Hiles March 21, 2011 Is it ethical for animals to have the same rights as humans? During this paper I will present the views of both sides. I will try my best to give the reader a chance to come to there own unbiased conclusion. I will talk about the key areas of animal ethics. I will present the facts and reasoning behind the arguments over Animal cruelty, testing, hunting, and improper housing. MyRead MorePersuasive essay against animal testing764 Words   |  4 Pagesagainst Animal Testing Abraham Lincoln once said, â€Å"I am in favour of animal rights as well as human rights. That is the way of a whole human being.†Ã‚  I couldn’t agree more with this statement as I do not believe that animal testing is right and I am totally against it. One of the main reasons I am against animal testing is the fact that the animals don’t have a choice and are being forced to be tested, which can lead to them getting seriously ill or dying as a cause of the testing. Each yearRead MoreAnimal Experimentation Is The Death1426 Words   |  6 Pagesevery day, every hour, every minute, every second. From animals that can be our pets to wild ones. We do this so we can test products that humans will use. So we don’t risk ourselves or our family members. Although most think animal testing is great it’s clearly not because, these experiments kill these animals all the time, we’ve found better ways to do this testing of products, and it cost tons of money for our country. The worst thing about animal experimentation is the death. One of the many reasonsRead More An Ethical Dilemma Essay1660 Words   |  7 PagesSwami, a professor at the University of Westminster, â€Å"animal testing, or animal research, refers to the use of animals in experiments within academic, research, or commercial establishments† (Christopher, 269). Sounds simple enough, but Swami does not mention how this testing affects the animals or why this is such a controversial issue among the public. M.J. Prescott, from the National Center for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animal Research, makes a very good point when he says that:Read MoreThe Morality of Zoos Essay858 Words   |  4 Pagesthe government; most of them do in fact research the animals they have in their captivity. This research can be beneficial and life saving for humans and if it were not for this testing, we would not have many key vaccines that we have today. For the sake of this paper the t erm zoo can be applied to all animals in captivity. This includes those for entertainment, medical testing, and rehabilitation/protection. Tom Reagan wrote on if zoos are morally defensible, but included all of the previously listedRead MoreAnimal Rights : The Animal Bill Of Rights For Animals737 Words   |  3 PagesAnimals are found throughout lives of humans. As companions, entertainment, test subjects and food, animals serve vital roles throughout our lives.The Animal Bill of Rights, through the Animal Legal Defense Fund, attempts to defend the basic legal rights of all animals. However, to weigh the need for such an act, one must compare the suffering of animals to the benefits such suffering gives to humankind. It’s much more important to highlight the crucial medical advances that lab animals have providedRead MoreInhumane Treatment of Animals During Drug Testing1082 Words   |  4 Pages In today’s world the act of drug and medical testing on a nimals has become very common. It has also grown at a great rate over the last few decades â€Å"Dr Laura water, science festival 2012† accompanied with rising questions and arguments which include types of testing methods that are most likely to identify drugs that are unsafe for humans, demerits of drug and medical testing on animals and Lastly whether animal experiments are useful. This essay will discuss the arguments, questions

Surveillance Technology And The Cold War - 1061 Words

Zach Bemben Literature of War Mrs. Rozema 11/6/17 Surveillance Technology and the Cold War Introduction and Thesis Hook: â€Å"In 1945, one major war ended and another began.†(Ushistory.org) Thesis: In the Cold War through the creation and improvement of surveillance technology such as satellite surveillance, nuclear submarines, and surveillance aircraft to give superior intelligence while being totally undetected or invulnerable from the enemy. Background paragraph â€Å"There were no direct military campaigns between the two main antagonists (in the cold war), the United States and the Soviet Union. Yet billions of dollars and millions of lives were lost in the fight.†(Ushistory.org) Previous spying techniques included flying B-52 bombers over†¦show more content†¦The top speed for the A-12 was mach 3.35 @85,000 ft. In addition, because of its tremendus speeds, it could reach a maximum operational ceiling of up to 95,000 ft blowing the U2 out of the park. It had an unrefueled range of 2500 mi and maximum sensor payload of 2500 lbs. A-12 vs SR-71 The SR-71 was later developed with slightly less aggressive stats than the A-12 however it gave an additional 1000 lbs of sensor payload and an increase of 750 mi of unrefueled range making it a more practical choice in most situations. (Barnes) Nuclear submarines helped to aid in the â€Å"cold† aspect of the war Definition of a â€Å"cold war† â€Å"intense economic, political, military, and ideological rivalry between nations, short of military conflict; sustained hostile political policies and an atmosphere of strain between opposed countries†(Dictionary.com) Gave the ability to not rely on land based ICBMs but a much more mobile and undetectable source. â€Å"Submarine design was revolutionized between 1945 and 1960. Far-reaching changes in hull design, electronic sensors, power plants, and weapons transformed the World War II submarine, a surface craft that could submerge briefly underwater, into the Cold War submarine, a fast, long-range underwater boat that rarely needed to surface at all.†(Boyne) â€Å"The threat of nuclear annihilation restrainedShow MoreRelatedMoral Panics And Media Panics2494 Words   |  10 Pagesmedia panic is a moral panic about the effects of a communications medium of technology (Class lecture: January 27, 2016). Overall, a moral panic is based upon the reaction of society from an event while a media panic is the reaction of society from a type of technology. This paper looks to examine the similarities and differences between surveillance in the government today and surveillance in the government during the Cold War. It will address the effects these events have or had on society while examiningRead MoreCensorship And The Government During The Cold War2490 Words   |  10 Pagesmedia panic is a moral panic about the effects of a communications medium of technology (Class lecture: January 27, 2016). Overall, a moral panic is based upon the reaction of society from an event while a media panic is the reaction of society from a type of technology. Th is paper looks to examine the similarities and differences between surveillance in the government today and surveillance in the government during the Cold War. It will address the effects these events have or had on society while examiningRead MoreMass Surveillance Ethics : Richard E. Morris1251 Words   |  6 Pages Mass Surveillance Ethics Richard E. Morris Excelsior College Surveillance is, in the simplest terms, monitoring or observing an individual or group. Derived from a French term meaning looking upon, it includes not only visual observation but also behavior analysis. Prominent examples of surveillance include cameras, wiretaps, GPS tracking, and packet sniffing. Observation is often seen as an expression of control. Just as being stared at for an extended period can make you uneasy and even hostileRead MoreLiterary Context Of Dystopian Literature1746 Words   |  7 Pagessociety are whisked away and dealt with, like the protagonist in this novel. 1984 is a typical dystopian novel in which Orwell explores the many issues present during the time in which he wrote this book. He successfully creates a world in which technology is vastly more sophisticated than it was during the time in which this book was written and in which fear is used as a tool to control individuals who do not conform to the social norms. The horrible and dangerous futuristic world controlled repressivelyRead MoreShould U.S.A. Use Drones to Combat Terrorism?1154 Words   |  5 Pages The CIA and the U.S. military have been using drones for more than 100 years, but only in the past 10 years the public has realized how powerful this technology is. Drones should be used to combat terrorism in Afghanistan because they are a step into the future for warfare. Drones are some of the most used technologies that are used to combat terrorism in foreign countries, and there is a reason for that. Drones are used to spy, track, and assassinate high priority terrorists. Regular ways of warfareRead MoreThe United States Should Order World Politics1485 Words   |  6 PagesWashington Rules emphasizes that the United States should order world politics. It is safe to say that since the Post-Cold War era; The United States is seen as the world’s superpower, and it is to a point where numerous countries expect us to protect them, and intervene in any situation that is not â€Å"right.† The US has taken a preemptive role on ordering the word and senses the need to help those who are not super powers in order to promote peace. America’s military remains unchallenged, spendingRead MoreMass Surveillance : A Questionable Activity Essay1052 Words   |  5 PagesMass Surveillance: A Questionable Activity On September 11, 2001 people’s eyes from all over the world were witnessing one of the most dramatic events that was broadcast live. This major terrorist attack was followed by many, and lead our governments to take drastic measures to prevent as much as possible this kind of situation to happen again. Privacy did not become the first priority for the authorities, safety was. When Edward Snowden released through media classified National Security Agency’sRead MoreBuilding A Theory Of Intelligence Systems944 Words   |  4 PagesBy adapting or altering the technology of an intelligence system, a state is better able to confront the challenges posed by other states. Michael Warner’s chapter â€Å"Building a Theory of Intelligence Systems† in National Intelligence Systems focuses on how three independent variables – strategy, regime, and technology – drive intelligence systems. Clarence E. Smith’s chapter, the â€Å"CIA’s Analysi s of Soviet Science and Technology† in the Watching the Bear, is an example of how a change in one componentRead MoreSpying From Space For A Long Time1346 Words   |  6 Pagesthe main security threat to the United States and many other countries. In response, the US government has extended surveillance to new heights where it uses satellites launched to collect images that track the movement of terrorists. However, most of the terrorist activities take place through the internet and also on social media. As such, the government has extended surveillance in the international internet traffic. Moreover, claims of intercepting calls and emails continue to dominate the mediaRead MoreThe End Of The Second World War1130 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Second World War. During this era, alliances such as the Axis or Allied Powers were able to communicate their battle plans by sending messages to one another using certain codes. As an Allied Power, the United States formed the Single Se curity Agency to divert and interpret Axis Power communications; this is also referred to as code breaking (History Chanel 1). The surprise attack on Pearl Harbor brought an end to the Single Security Agency. However, by the end of World War II in 1949, America

Autobiography Matthew Hogue s Story About Me, And My...

Matthew Hogue Mr. Christian Web Design I-6 31 March 2015 Autobiography: Matthew Hogue My History: This is the story about me, and my family’s heritage. From my mom’s side of the family they are from Germany. From my dad’s side of the family they came from Holland. I was born on December 29 1997 at around 3:00 a.m. My dad’s parents moved to the U.S. because he was deployed. My Mom’s parents moved because of the same reason. My dad was born in California in a city located just outside of Las Angeles. My mom was born in Lawton, Oklahoma. I am currently an 11th grade student at Eisenhower high school at 5202 West Gore Blvd. Lawton, Ok 73505. I am currently working on getting my high school degree. If I don’t go to college then I will be†¦show more content†¦Some of the ideas consist of Italian and German food. I have plans on attending college for culinary arts. I have been invited to the culinary arts institute in New York, and I plan on visiting their college. If I do not like this college I will be attending vocational technology here in Lawton, Oklahoma. I plan on using this experience to better myself in my goals to open a restaurant. Things I would like to own: I would like to own a house in California. My dad came from California, from a city close to Los Angeles. He lived in a city right next to the Pacific Ocean. My dream cars are the Lamborghini Aventador and the Nissan GTR and the Scion FRS. I hope to own one of these cars in my lifetime. I believe that if you work hard enough in life that you can accomplish anything. This is something that has been taught in my family since I can remember. As I have said before my dream is to open a restaurant and if I am successful at it then I want to open up a chain of restaurants. I would like to have my restaurants expand to Germany and Holland where my family has originated. I still haven’t got a chance to visit these countries, but I plan to in the near future. I also plan on sending my mom and my dad back to Holland and Germany for a vacation. They haven’t been in Germany and Holland since they were teenagers. These are some of the things that I would like to own in my life. More about me: If my goals to open up a restaurant don’t happen then I have

Foundations of Global Marketing and Advertising

Question: Discuss about the Foundations of Global Marketing and Advertising. Answer: Introduction Advertisement is something which an individual come across, in one form or the other, on a daily basis, no matter what one does, or where they are. It is the audio visual form of marketing used by the organizations, in order to promote and sell a product, idea or any services. Advertising helps the companies in increasing the consumption of their products by creating a brand and an image in the minds of its customers. Advertisement is the best way of making the public aware about the product, and it is also the best way available to the public, to know more about the product, without purchasing it (Green, 2011). Often, in order to attract more customers, the ethical lines are crossed in the advertisements. Sometimes the facts are omitted, or they are exaggerated, and at times even lied upon. Advertisements are used by the companies in order to persuade the customers into buying their product and for this various persuasive techniques are used (Zotos Grau, 2016). One of such techniques is the sexualization of women in the advertisements, and this has been increasing throughout the years. When anything is given the sexual character or the quality, it becomes sexualization. Sexualization has been used by a range of companies to grasp the attention of consumers, and specifically when the focus in on a specific targeted audience (Blair et al., 2006). In the following parts, the ethical issues relating to the sexualization, especially of women in advertisements, have been researched upon. There has been an increase in the sexualization of females in advertisements to promote a product, and such sexualization is not ethical. Test To See If This Hypothesis Is Correct In order to determine if the stated hypothesis is right or wrong, the use of women in the advertisements would be analyzed. The type of advertisements in which the women are used, and how their sexualization helps in the promotion of the product would be examined to determine if the hypothesis is actually correct. Moreover, the theories associated with objectification and sexualization would also be elucidated to affirm the hypothesis. Lastly, the consequences of such sexualization have also been determined to show that such ads are unethical. Methodology In order to carry out this research, a deductive approach has been used, as this study determines that its premises as true. And secondary data has been used, in form of news articles, journals and books to analyze the presence of sexualization in advertisements. The use of this form of data will help in establishing the unethical point of view of such ads. A case study is also undertaken to prove the hypothesis. This case study taken here is of the advertisement of The Axe Effect, where it can be easily seen that the women are treated as merely an object and are sexualized to sell the product. By examining the type of ads in which women are being sexualized, it can be determined that the women are objectified just to attract the attention of the consumers. By using the theory of sex sells the makers of the advertisements often objectify the women, as they view that this would garner the attention and help in the sale of the product (Attwood, 2014). The theories of objectification have highlighted that women are treated as an object and such an object can be used in any form. The theories of sexual objectification highlight that a person is treated as an instrument of sexual pleasure. Even though men are also objectified, but such numbers are quite less (Adams, 2015). The sexualization of the women, on the other hand, has been present since generations and is also expected to continue. These theories highlight the unethical aspect of such advertisements. A huge brand which is involved in the sexualization in their ads, so as to sell their product is AXE. AXE is one of the famous international brands of the male grooming products, and their product range includes deodorants, shower gels, styling products, fragrance sprays, antiperspirants, and shampoos (Unilever, 2016). AXE was first introduced in the 1983 in France by Unilever, which is a multi-billion dollar consumer goods company. After the success of AXE in Europe and Latin America, it was introduced in USA in 2002. The sale of AXE brand is done by making the males believe in the notion that by using their products, all the women would come running towards them, and this is known as The AXE Effect (Unilever USA, 2016). In one of the ads of AXE, titled Billions, a number of women running in an animalistic manner through the forest or are swimming madly across the ocean, so as to reach a man who is shown as bathing himself in the AXE deodorant (Luzakain, 2010). The ad shows the desperation of women that they exist solely for the purpose of pleasing the men. Moreover, the ad uses the clichd performance, which is used not only in the advertisements but also in music videos also, just to sell the product. This performance includes the camera angles, wet bodies, provocative clothing, and the fragmentation to sexualize, as well as, objectify the women. The derogatory imagination is the main appeal behind such ads and these dehumanize the women (Mooij, 2013). In another ad, where the chocolate ice cream fragrance was to be promoted, the women was shown as licking a man after using that particular scented body spray (Pride Ferrell, 2016). Findings The target audience of such products of AXE is young men, who are focused upon girls. The psychological features include masculinity, seductiveness and desirability. The advertisements of AXE are aimed at connecting the action of attracting a woman to the AXE products. By creating a notion of attracting the women by use of this product, the men are attracted towards these products (Pride Ferrell, 2016). But these ads are wrong on ethical grounds. The ads are only aimed at attracting more targeted audience, and forget about the ethical implications of it. By sexualizing and objectifying the women, the profits are achieved. The women are depicted as a sexually object which is a bad example to be set for the already patriarchal society, as well as, demoralizing (BBC, 2007). The over-sexualization and objectification of women in the advertisements of AXE is very common. Apart from this, the ads also use the beautiful version of a woman as per the societys view, where the woman is flawless, tall and slim. Even though such ads are often exaggerated and mostly contain the element of sexual humor, they are disrespectful, as well as, degrading to all the women across the globe (Aleman, 2013). With the passage of times, the sexuality in the ads of AXE has increased manifolds. Even though these are merely ads meant to sell the products of the company, but such ads have a huge impact over the society as a whole. The view that is being sold here is that the sole objective of the women of this earth is to be with and please a man, along with, the standard and image of beauty (Krayer, Ingledew Iphofen, 2008). The image created in the eyes of society is one where the women have flawless features and are simply the object of mans sexual satisfaction. The view of society is not the only view that has been changed regarding a beautiful woman; the view of the women towards themselves has also changed throughout the years. Incidents of body shamming, due to the negative body image have increased manifolds, and this is a recurrent topic of the present age. Women feel shameful due to their shape and size and develop the feelings of awkwardness, shame and even anxiety (Brown University, 2015). The analysis of the AXE advertisement depicts the sexualization of women as the ad emphasizes over the excessive sexuality of women, in addition to how it attracts all men. The ad here clearly suggests that the men are attracted towards sexually appealing women, in comparison to the casually or ordinarily dressed women. By showing all the women in bikini suits, who run towards the man in an animalistic manner, they are shown as the sex objects as per the societal norms, which is clearly a negative connotation of women (Wang, 2016). These ads also engage in the stereotyping of the men (Adams, 2015). The men are depicted as having the only aim of getting more and more girls, and quenching their sexual desires. They are depicted in such manner as the makers believe that the targeted audience would do anything to get a girl, and that by showing such ads, the targeted consumer would rush to buy their product (Pride Ferrell, 2016). And this makes these advertisements wrong on ethical grounds again, as this is misleading for the audience. Even though these ads have been successful for the company, but the society has not seen the positivity of them. The view that has been created through such ads is quite specific. So, not only the women are sexualized in such ads, but also create the image of a beautiful woman. The image of women that is portrayed through such ads is that women are brainless object, and their sole aim is to please men. This is completely unethical as women are given no respect or morality (Grogan, 2008). Conclusion From the above analysis, it can be concluded that the hypothesis of this research paper is correct. Indeed, there has been a rise in the sexualization of females in advertisements to promote a product. Moreover, such sexualization and objectification of women is both immoral and unethical. The women, in the advertisements these days are treated as a sexual object, just so that the sale of the product can increase (Kilbourne, 2012). Moreover, an image of beautiful woman being flawless, slim and fit, has been embedded in the minds of the society, which has resulted in the negative body image of the women. The case study further highlighted how the women are objectified in the ads. The Billions ad showed the women running crazily after a man using the AXE product, in a provocative manner. The only aim of this ad was to garner targeted audiences attention and the ethical implications were simply ignored. And this has been done constantly by AXE in all of its advertisements. This sexualization is not only present in the ads of this product, but also in the ads of various products. As highlighted above, such sexualization is also present in music videos, where the women are objectified and shown in a derogatory manner (Mischner et al., 2013). There are people who view this objectification as liberalization of women, but this paper does not hold that view. The reasons for the rejection of this view are simple, the objectification results in a negative image of women, where they have no respect and are portrayed as a product, and this dehumanizes them (Infanger Sczesny, 2014). To conclude, the sexualization of women in the ads is detrimental and unethical. References Adams, R. (2015). Sexualizing Women In Ads May Hurt Men's Self-Esteem, Too. Retrieved from: https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/sexualizing-women-in-ads-may-hurt-mens-self-esteem-too_us_55faca8de4b08820d9178604 Aleman, P. (2013). The Axe Effect. Retrieved from: https://medialiteracyproject.org/deconstructions/axe-effect/ Attwood, F. (2014). Mainstreaming Sex: The Sexualization of Western Culture. London: I.B.Tauris. BBC. (2007). Sexualisation 'harms' young girls. Retrieved from: https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/6376421.stm Blair, J.D., Stephenson, J.D., Hill, K.L., Green, J.S. (2006). Ethics in Advertising: Sex Sells, But Should It?. Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, 9(1/2), 109-118. Brown University. (2015). Body Image. Retrieved from: https://www.brown.edu/campus-life/health/services/promotion/nutrition-eating-concerns-eating-concerns-and-body-image/body-image Green, J. (2011). Advertising. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group. Grogan, S. (2008). Body Image: Understanding Body Dissatisfaction in Men, Women and Children (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge. Infanger, M., Sczesny, S. (2014). Sexualization in advertising re-framed: How empowered and submissive sexualization in ads affects women's well-being. Sex Roles. Doi:10.7892/boris.63687 Kilbourne, J. (2012). Womens Bodies in Advertising. Retrieved from: https://www.ourbodiesourselves.org/health-info/womens-bodies-in-advertising/ Krayer, A., Ingledew, D. K., Iphofen, R. (2008). Social comparison and body image in adolescence: a grounded theory approach. Health Education Research, 23 (5), 892-903. Doi: 10.1093/her/cym076 Luzakain, S. (2010). The AXE Effect - Women Billions. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vKNTCP-ctGw Mischner, H.S.I., Schie, H.T.V., Wigboldus, H.J.D., Baaren, R.V.B., Engels, R.C.M.E. (2013). Thinking big: The effect of sexually objectifying music videos on bodily self-perception in young women. Body Image, 10(1), 2634. Doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2012.08.004 Mooij, M.D. (2013). Global marketing and advertising: Understanding cultural paradoxes (4th ed.). USA: Sage Publications. Pride, W. M., Ferrell, O. C. (2016). Foundations of Marketing (7th ed.). MA, USA: Cengage Learning. Unilever USA. (2016). AXE. Retrieved from: https://www.unileverusa.com/brands/our-brands/axe.html Unilever. (2016). AXE. Retrieved from: https://www.unilever.com/brands/ Wang, Y. (2016). Sexual Objectification of Women in Advertising. Munich: GRIN Verlag. Zotos, Y.C., Grau, S.L. (2016). Gender stereotypes in advertising: exploring new directions. International Journal of Advertising, 35(5), 759-760. Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2016.1203555.